Understanding the Dangers of Xylazine Addiction

Xylazine addiction is a growing concern in the realm of substance abuse, particularly within the context of drug addiction and overdose crisis. Lives are at stake.

This non-opioid sedative, primarily used in veterinary medicine, has found its way into the unregulated drug supply, leading to potentially harmful health impacts among those who use it. In this article, we will delve into the world of xylazine addiction, exploring its effects, risks, and the importance of seeking help for those struggling with addiction.

What is Xylazine?

Xylazine, also known by street names such as "tranq" or "tranq dope," is a sedative commonly used in veterinary medicine. It belongs to a class of medications called alpha-2 adrenergic agonists and is chemically similar to other sedative medications like clonidine. It is important to note that xylazine was never approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in humans due to its potential for severe central nervous system (CNS) depression or sedation.

How is Xylazine Used in Veterinary Medicine?

In veterinary medicine, xylazine is used for procedural sedation. It is commonly administered to animals to facilitate handling, examinations, or minor surgical procedures. The sedative properties of xylazine help calm animals and induce relaxation. However, it is important to understand that xylazine is not intended for human use and can have severe adverse effects.

Xylazine in the Illicit Drug Supply

Xylazine has made its way into the illicit drug supply, primarily in the form of an additive in illicitly manufactured fentanyl. It has been observed that xylazine is often mixed with fentanyl to extend the duration of its euphoric effects. This combination, sometimes referred to as "tranq dope," poses significant risks to individuals who use drugs, as it increases the likelihood of overdose due to the sedative and central nervous system depressant properties of xylazine.

The Effects of Xylazine Use

Xylazine use can have a range of effects on the body and mind. It is important to understand these effects to recognize the potential harms associated with xylazine addiction.

Sedation and its Risks

When xylazine is used, profound sedation and a heavy nod are common, especially within the first 20-30 minutes after administration. The sedative effects of xylazine can last for several hours, putting individuals at risk for physical and sexual assault, theft, and medical complications resulting from prolonged immobility. These complications may include pressure ulcers, blood clots, compartment syndrome, and rhabdomyolysis.

Central Nervous System Depression

[Xylazine causes severe central nervous system (CNS) depression](https://nida.nih.gov/research-topics/xylazine#:~:text=Also known as “tranq%2C”,pressure to dangerously low levels.) in humans. This depression can lead to muscle relaxation, particularly in the tongue, which can block the airway and hinder breathing. The combination of sedation and CNS depression caused by xylazine can contribute to life-threatening respiratory depression when used with other substances, such as opioids or benzodiazepines.

The Link Between Xylazine Addiction and Overdose

The presence of xylazine in the illicit drug supply, especially when combined with opioids like fentanyl, increases the risk of overdose. Xylazine intensifies the sedative and central nervous system depressant effects of opioids, amplifying the respiratory depression caused by these substances. It is crucial to recognize the signs of overdose and respond promptly to potentially save lives.

Xylazine and Fentanyl Combination

Xylazine is frequently mixed with fentanyl in the unregulated drug supply, leading to a dangerous combination. Studies have shown that overdose deaths involving xylazine and fentanyl have been spreading across the United States, with the largest impact observed in the Northeast. It is important to note that most overdose deaths involving xylazine and fentanyl also involve additional substances, such as cocaine, heroin, benzodiazepines, alcohol, gabapentin, methadone, or prescription opioids.

Recognizing the Potential Harms of Xylazine Use

The use of xylazine can result in various health complications, including skin wounds and related issues. Recognizing these potential harms is crucial for understanding the risks associated with xylazine addiction.

Skin Wounds and Related Complications

Repeated use of xylazine is associated with the development of skin ulcers, abscesses, and related complications. These wounds can occur in individuals who both inject and do not inject substances. It is currently unclear why these skin wounds occur, but they can become infected if left untreated. Early treatment and proper wound care are essential to prevent further complications.

Caring for Skin Wounds

If you or someone you know has developed xylazine-related skin wounds, it is important to provide proper care to prevent further complications. Here are some steps to follow:

1. Keep the wound moist, stable in temperature, and covered.
2. Wash hands before tending to the wound.
3. Clean the wound with soap and sterile water, avoiding alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, or hand sanitizer.
4. Apply antibiotic ointment, Vaseline, or medical-grade honey, like MEDIHONEY®, to the affected area.
5. Cover the wound with an absorbent pad and non-adherent dressing.
6. Avoid wrapping the wound too tightly or too loosely.
7. Change the dressing daily if possible.
8. Monitor the wound for signs of infection, such as redness, swelling, increased pain, fever, or increased drainage.

Seek medical attention if any signs of infection develop or if the wound worsens.

Responding to a Suspected Xylazine Overdose

If you encounter a suspected overdose involving xylazine, it is crucial to respond promptly and appropriately. Although naloxone, an opioid overdose reversal medication, does not directly counteract the effects of xylazine, it should still be administered, considering the potential presence of opioids, such as fentanyl.

Administering Naloxone

When responding to any suspected overdose, it is essential to call emergency medical services (EMS) immediately. Administer naloxone as soon as possible, following the recommended guidelines. If the individual does not respond to 1-2 doses of naloxone, suspecting the involvement of substances like xylazine, it is important to initiate rescue breathing.

Rescue Breathing

Rescue breathing is a critical response strategy for suspected overdoses involving xylazine. Since xylazine is a sedative, rescue breathing can help maintain adequate oxygen supply until emergency medical services arrive. If the individual is not breathing and does not have a pulse, chest compressions or full CPR should be performed if trained to do so. Activating EMS is vital if CPR is not within your training.

For more information on community overdose prevention and response, visit the relevant resources provided by local organizations and healthcare authorities.

Seeking Help for Xylazine Addiction

If you or someone you know is struggling with xylazine addiction, seeking help is crucial for recovery. Various treatment options and support services are available to assist individuals in their journey towards overcoming addiction.

Treatment Options

Treatment options for xylazine addiction may include:

• Detoxification: A supervised medical process to manage withdrawal symptoms.
• Residential Programs: Inpatient treatment programs that provide 24/7 care and support.
• Outpatient Services: Programs that allow individuals to receive treatment while living at home.
• Counseling: Individual and group therapy sessions to address the underlying causes of addiction and develop coping strategies.
• Medication-Assisted Treatment (MAT): The use of medication, such as buprenorphine or methadone, in combination with counseling to manage cravings and withdrawal symptoms.

Support Services

Support services are essential for individuals in recovery from xylazine addiction. These services may include:

• Peer Support Groups: Opportunities to connect with individuals who have experienced similar struggles and can provide guidance and encouragement.
• Counseling: Continued therapy to address underlying issues and develop healthier coping mechanisms.
• Aftercare Programs: Ongoing support and resources to help individuals maintain sobriety and navigate life in recovery.

Conclusion

Xylazine addiction poses significant risks to individuals who use drugs, particularly when combined with opioids like fentanyl. Understanding the effects and potential harms of xylazine is crucial for recognizing the signs of addiction and seeking help. By promoting education, providing access to treatment and support, and implementing harm reduction strategies, we can work towards reducing the impact of xylazine addiction and supporting individuals on their journey to recovery.

Sources

Saint Luke’s Health System- First Aid: Rescue Breathing

Health Line- What is Rescue Breathing

Verywell Health- Step by Step Guide to Rescue Breathing

‍